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3月29日 「ゲームが開発できない」ＰＳ３の本当の問題本当に問題はブルーレイディスクの規格化の遅れだけだろうか。15日に行われた会見でソニー・コンピュータエンタテインメント（ＳＣＥ）の久多良木健社長は、プレイステーション３（ＰＳ３）の発売遅延の要因はブルーレイディスクとハイビジョン接続端子の規格化が遅れたことだとした。しかしそこでは重要な問題が、抜け落ちている。発売を予定していた３月だというのに、ＰＳ３向けにゲーム開発を行っているほとんどの企業では、本格的なゲームの開発の作業ステップにまで、まだたどり着いていないという事実があるのだ。
■ゲームが開発できない ゲーム開発の基本環境の整備が遅れている。そもそもプログラムを開発する上で必要なＰＳ３用のコンパイラが最近まで提供されてこなかったのだ。コンパイラとは、プログラマが記述したプログラムをコンピュータが理解可能なものへと変換してくれるソフトである。昨年７月にＳＣＥがコンパイラの専用企業、英ＳＮシステムズを買収して開発し、対応しようとして来たが、リリースは遅れに遅れていた。遅れの原因は、ＰＳ３自身のハードウェアが持つあまりの複雑さにある。
■超高性能プロセッサ「セル」の弊害 ＰＳ３の特徴は、ＳＣＥ、ＩＢＭと東芝とで共同開発した、メインＣＰＵの「セル（Ｃｅｌｌ）」プロセッサにある。大胆なＣＰＵアーキテクチャで、８つのＳＰＥと呼ばれるユニットと（１つは冗長性確保のための予備）、それをコントロールするＰＰＥという計９つの演算作業を担う「コア」から成り立つマルチコアプロセッサになっている。言うなれば、８台分のＣＰＵが１つのチップの中に凝縮されているようなものである。 それぞれの性能を最大限に引き出すことができれば、スーパーコンピュータ並の性能が出るというのがＰＳ３の大きな特徴である。 ＰＳ２以前のゲーム開発は基本的に１台のＣＰＵの動きだけを中心に考えていればよく、プログラムの計算は順番に並べていけばよかった。ところが、ＰＳ３では性能をフルに引き出そうとすると、８台のＳＰＥを並列に使うことを考えなければならない。ゲームを作る以前の段階で、膨大な時間をプログラマは求められる。求められるプログラムのノウハウが過去のものと根本的に違っていた。そこで、昨年１１月から、「セル」の製造元であるＩＢＭ自体が、状況の改善のために、開発支援環境の提供に乗りだしてきた。「セル」向けに最適化されたコンパイラが今月からやっと提供される。 ＳＣＥのスケジュールでは、ゲーム開発メーカー向けの開発キットの最終バージョンのリリースは６月。ＰＳ３の発売までは、半年を切っている。ＰＳ２時代で１タイトルに２―３年かかるのが当たり前の時代に、この状況でＰＳ３の性能を活かしたゲームが出てくるのだろうか？
11月の発売にブルーレイディスクの映画は揃ったとしても、ＰＳ３のゲームタイトルが揃わないことは十分にありえる。ゲームの質にしてもＸｂｏｘ時代の開発環境を多く継承して先行しているＸｂｏｘ３６０に見劣りするようなものになってしまう可能性も大きい。 日本では苦戦しているＸｂｏｘ３６０も、先行メリットが見えないのはただ供給が追いついていないだけだという見方もある。マイクロソフトが狙っていたとおり、北米市場では、ＰＳ３のスタート時点で大きく水を空けられる可能性が出てきた。 また、今年発売が予定されている任天堂の次世代ゲーム機「レボリューション（仮称）」は、ゲームキューブとあまり変わらないスペックで、開発環境の容易さをアピールポイントに置いており、ゲームキューブ用ソフト開発時の資産をそのまま継承して開発されている。また、2006年中に発売すると発表されており、リリース時期はＰＳ３より先になる可能性もある。ニンテンドーＤＳが持っている勢いがそのまま持ち込まれれば、日本ではブレイクする可能性は高い。 次世代ハード競争は、勝者を読みにくい、極めて混沌とした状況に入りつつある。
3月25日 诸葛亮教给我们的十堂课诸葛亮老师教给我们的十堂课 最近读到诸葛亮写给儿子的一封信，只用了短短八十六字，但是对于为学做人有精简而且具体的忠告 .一千八百多年前的智慧，在今天的科技时代，仍然有非常好的参考价值。以前听人说：“真正的智慧，可以超越时空，历久常新。”初听不知所以，现在觉得所言甚是。诸葛亮不仅仅是中国三国时代著名的政治家及军事家，也是古代著名的智者。让我们一起向诸葛亮老师学习十堂课，在变局中安身立命，在逆境中找到力量。 诸葛亮给子书 夫君子之行，静以修身，俭以养德；非澹泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。夫学须静也，才须学也；非学无以广才，非志无以成学。怠慢则不能励精，险躁则不能冶性。年与时驰，意与岁去，遂成枯落，多不接世。悲守穷庐，将复何及！ 第一课：宁静的力量 “静以修身”、“非宁静无以致远”、“学须静也”。诸葛亮忠告孩子宁静才能够修养身心，静思反省。不能够静下来，则不可以有效的计划未来，而且学习的首要条件，就是有宁静的环境。现代人大多数终日忙碌，你是否应在忙乱中静下来，反思人生方向？ 第二课：节俭的力量 “俭以养德”。诸葛亮忠告孩子要节俭，以培养自己的德行。审慎理财，量入为出，不但可以摆脱负债的困扰，更可以过着纪律的简朴生活，不会成为物质的奴隶。在鼓励消费的文明社会，你有没有想过节俭的好处呢？ 第三课：计划的力量 “非澹泊无以明志”、“非宁静无以致远”。诸葛亮忠告孩子要计划人生，不要事事讲求名利，才能够了解自己的志向，要静下来，才能够细心计划将来。面对未来，你有理想吗？你有使命感吗？你有自己的价值观吗？ 第四课：学习的力量 “夫学须静也”、“才须学也”。诸葛亮忠告孩子宁静的环境对学习大有帮助，当然配合专注的平静心境，就更加事半功倍。诸葛亮不是天才论的信徒，他相信才能是学习的结果。你是没有全心全力的学习？你是否相信努力才有成就呢？ 第五课：增值的力量 “非学无以广才”、“非志无以成学”。诸葛亮忠告孩子要增值先要立志，不愿意努力学习，就不能够增加自己的才干。但学习的过程中，决心和毅力非常重要，因为缺乏了意志力，就会半途而废。你有没有想过，一鼓作气的人多，坚持到底的人少的道理呢？ 第六课：速度的力量 “怠慢则不能励精”。诸葛亮忠告孩子凡事拖延就不能够快速的掌握要点。计算机时代是十倍速的时代，样样事情讲求效率，想不到一千八百多年前的智慧，也一样不谋而合。快人一步，理想就能实现。你有没有想过，有更多时间去修正及改善，以达成你的人生目标呢？ 第七课：性格的力量 “险躁则不能冶性”。诸葛亮忠告孩子太过急躁就不能够陶冶性情。心理学家说：“思想影响行为，行为影响习惯，习惯影响性格，性格影响命运。”诸葛亮明白生命中要作出种种平衡，要励精，也要冶性。你要提升自己性格的品质吗？ 第八课：时间的力量 “年与时驰”、“意与岁去”。诸葛亮忠告孩子时光飞逝，意志力又会随着时间消磨，少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲，时间管理是个现代人的观念，细心想一想，时间不可以被管理，每天二十四小时，不多也不少，惟有管理自己，善用每分每秒。请你想一想，你有蹉跎岁月吗？ 第九课：想象的力量 “遂成枯落”、“多不接世”、“悲守穷庐”、“将复何及”。诸葛亮忠告孩子时光飞逝，当自己变得和世界脱节，才悲叹蹉跎岁月，也于事无补。要懂得居安思危，才能够临危不乱。想象力比知识更有力量。你有没有从大处着想，小处着手，脚踏实地，规划自己的人生呢？ 第十课：精简的力量 以上诸葛亮写给儿子的一封信，只用了短短八十六字，精简地传递了具体的讯息。我相信精简的表达源于清晰的思想，长篇大论的内容，容易令人生厌，精简沟通更有效果。你懂得言之有物地精简沟通吗？ 从以上的十堂课之中，你能够找到一点启发吗？请你百忙之中静下来，用下面的题目向你的人生提问，在改变中不断改善。 不要问：自己得到些什么？应该问：自己付出过什么？ 不要问：自己的地位如何？应该问：自己的心地如何？ 不要问：自己有甚么信仰？应该问：自己有甚么善行？ 不要问：自己是否有学问？应该问：自己是否有行动？ 不要问：自己会怎样离世？应该问：自己怎样生活过？ 2005年名副其实的十大名言1、孔子路过泰山脚下，有一个妇女在墓前哀伤地哭泣。孔子手扶车沿听她哭诉，并让弟子黑色传奇问她缘由，妇女说：“以前我的公公被老虎咬死，我的丈夫跟着被老虎咬死，现在我的儿子也被老虎咬死了；” jinlian--三国智力榜该榜效仿在下武力的排行，也是分项加权所得，为常见的百分制。分为四项，如下：战略眼光——该项在谋士中在下以为最重要，关系到势力的兴衰存亡、攻击对象、联盟对象、依附对象等等，权重最大，为40。
战术素养——该项在谋士中在下觉得为第二重要，主要关系到战争的成败，为30。 临机急智——该项主要指面对突发事件或对手策略时，作出判断的及时性与准确性；及能否提出相应的合适的对策，为20。 外交谈判——该项主要指口才方面的能力，不一定单指外交，内部谈判的能力也被计入，为10。 总和为100。 即：战略+战术+急智+谈判＝总和 ※ ※ ※ 贾诩：39+30+20+10＝99 贾诩在我的排行榜上位居第一，此君战术神鬼莫测，临机精准犀利，谈判潇洒自如，此三项皆满值。唯战略一项，贾诩本人亦有言：“某昔从李傕，得罪天下”，美玉有瑕，去1。 贾诩三大优秀谋略：诸君若弃军单行，则一亭长能缚君矣。不若诱集陕人并本部军马，杀入长安与董卓报仇。事济，奉朝廷以正天下；若其不胜，走亦未迟。 此易知耳。将军虽善用兵，非曹操敌手。操军虽败，必有劲将为后殿，以防追兵；我兵虽锐，不能敌之也：故知必败。夫操之急于退兵者，必因许都有事；既破我追军之后，必轻车速回，不复为备；我乘其不备而更追之：故能胜也。 马超乃一勇之夫，不识机密。丞相亲笔作一书，单与韩遂，中间朦胧字样，于要害处，自行涂抹改易，然后封送与韩遂，故意使马超知之。超必索书来看。若看见上面要紧去处，尽皆改抹，只猜是韩遂恐超知甚机密事，自行改抹，正合着单骑会语之疑；疑则必生乱。我更暗结韩遂部下诸将，使互相离间，超可图矣 ※ ※ ※ 诸葛亮：38+29+20+10＝97 诸葛亮虽为智谋化身，但于我看来得屈居第二了。孔明高卧隆中，已知天下三分，但是他面对天下形式的变化，没有及时修正战略指导，关羽之死，刘备之败，他有一定的责任。战术方面，过于谨慎，不够完美。 诸葛亮三大优秀谋略：将军欲成霸业，北让曹操占天时，南让孙权占地利，将军可占人和。先取荆州为家，后即取西川建基业，以成鼎足之势，然后可图中原也。 吾今退军，可分五路而退。今日先退此营，假如营内一千兵，却掘二千灶，明日掘三千灶，后日掘四千灶：每日退军，添灶而行。 将旌旗尽皆隐匿；诸军各守城铺，如有妄行出入，及高言大语者，斩之！大开四门，每一门用二十军士，扮作百姓，洒扫街道。如魏兵到时，不可擅动，吾自有计。 ※ ※ ※ 程昱：39+29+20+9＝97 程昱堪称曹营全能大师，战略战术，无所不精，尤其战场之上的临机判断，眼光独到。他对天下之人之事亦有准确见解，尤其在刘备一事上，与郭嘉见仁见智。并列第二。 程昱三大优秀谋略：明公所以能威震四方，号令天下者，以奉汉家名号故也，今诸侯未平，遽行废立之事，必起兵端矣。 程昱献十面埋伏之计，劝操退军于河上，伏兵十队，诱绍追至河上，“我军无退路，必将死战，可胜绍矣。” 程昱观望良久，谓操曰：“来船必诈。且休教近寨。” ※ ※ ※ 郭嘉：40+27+19+10=96 郭嘉长于战略判断，分析敌我思路之清晰，三国罕见。战术方面亦有亮点，但似乎表现逊色于曹营其他几位谋略大师，临机急智距满值亦存一线。 郭嘉三大优秀谋略：徐州吕布，实心腹大患。今绍北征公孙瓒，我当乘其远出，先取吕布，扫除东南，然后图绍，乃为上计；否则我方攻绍，布必乘虚来犯许都，为害不浅也。 郭嘉曾对曹操言主公（孙策）不足惧也：轻而无备，性急少谋，乃匹夫之勇耳，他日必死于小人之手。 今闻袁熙、袁尚往投辽东，明公切不可加兵。公孙康久畏袁氏吞并，二袁往投必疑。若以兵击之，必并力迎敌，急不可下；若缓之，公孙康、袁氏必自相图，其势然也。 ※ ※ ※ 司马懿：39+29+18+9＝95 司马懿几成‘老谋深算’之代词，四项都离满值尚余一线。他出山的时候，已经不是群雄纷争的时代了，战略表现不多，战术上受制于诸葛，临机判断稍逊，但综合来看，三国之中能胜过他的，唯之前四人耳。 司马懿三大优秀谋略：刘备以诈力取刘璋，蜀人尚未归心。今主公已得汉中，益州震动。可速进兵攻之，势必瓦解。智者贵于乘时，时不可失也。 懿曰：“若等圣旨，往复一月之间，事无及矣。”即传令教人马起程，一日要行二日之路，如迟立斩；一面令参军梁畿赍檄星夜去新城，教孟达等准备征进，使其不疑。 汝等既要出战，待我奏准天子，同力赴敌，何如？ ※ ※ ※ 荀彧：40+27+18+9＝94 曹操初得荀彧时，喜曰：“吾之子房也。”不过在我看来，他更适合比作汉三杰中的另外一位，即萧何。曹操出征时，往往由荀彧坐镇许都，于后方调度。荀彧战略判断，极其准确，曹营众谋士，往往英雄所见略同。其他方面，表现虽然不如其战略强眼，但也俱是顶级水准。 荀彧三大优秀谋略：昔晋文公纳周襄王，而诸侯服从；汉高祖为义帝发丧，而天下归心。今天子蒙尘，将军诚因此时首倡义兵，奉天子以从众望，不世之略也。若不早图，人将先我而为之矣。 可暗令人往袁术处通问，报说刘备上密表，要略南郡。术闻之，必怒而攻备；公乃明诏刘备讨袁术。两边相并，吕布必生异心：此驱虎吞狼之计也。 书略曰承尊命，使决进退之疑。愚以袁绍悉众聚于官渡，欲与明公决胜负，公以至弱当至强，若不能制，必为所乘：是天下之大机也。绍军虽众，而不能用；以公之神武明哲，何向而不济！今军实虽少，未若楚、汉在荥阳、成皋间也。公今画地而守，扼其喉而使不能进，情见势竭，必将有变。此用奇之时，断不可失。惟明公裁察焉。 ※ ※ ※ 荀攸38+29+19+8＝94 荀攸与其叔相比，更长于战术，随曹操征战四方，屡出奇计，其他方面，表现也很出色。 荀攸三大优秀谋略今可扬言调拨人马，一路取酸枣，攻邺郡；一路取黎阳，断袁兵归路。袁绍闻之，必然惊惶，分兵拒我；我乘其兵动时击之，绍可破也。 三公之言未善。以愚意度之：天下方有事，而刘表坐保江、汉之间，不敢展足，其无四方之志可知矣。袁氏据四州之地，带甲数十万，若二子和睦，共守成业，天下事未可知也；今乘其兄弟相攻，势穷而投我，我提兵先除袁尚，后观其变，并灭袁谭，天下定矣。此机会不可失也。 若破干，须用诈降计方可。 ※ ※ ※ 周瑜37+28+20+8＝93 周瑜在智谋方面，为东吴第一人，他少年得志，智计百出，赤壁是其智谋的完美表现，其后执着于诸葛，影响了他的判断和决定，唯有长叹“既生瑜，何生亮”。 周瑜三大优秀谋略：将军承父兄遗业，兼六郡之众，兵精粮足，将士用命，有何逼迫而欲送质于人？质一入，不得不与曹氏连和；彼有命召，不得不往：如此，则见制于人也。不如勿遣，徐观其变，别以良策御之。 周瑜正在帐中议事，闻干至，笑谓诸将曰：“说客至矣！”遂与众将附耳低言，如此如此。众皆应命而去。 吾身本无甚痛楚；吾所以为此者，欲令曹兵知我病危，必然欺敌。可使心腹军士去城中诈降，说吾已死。今夜曹仁必来劫寨。吾却于四下埋伏以应之，则曹仁可一鼓而擒也 ※ ※ ※ 陆逊38+27+18+9＝92 陆逊周郎，皆东吴之柱石也。陆逊在战略和外交上，还要略优于周瑜，但在战术变化方面要逊色一些。若智谋也仿效武力有超一流之说，他为超一流最后一人。 陆逊三大优秀谋略：云长倚恃英雄，自料无敌，所虑者惟将军耳。将军乘此机会，托疾辞职，以陆口之任让之他人，使他人卑辞赞美关公，以骄其心，彼必尽撤荆州之兵，以向樊城。若荆州无备，用一旅之师，别出奇计以袭之，则荆州在掌握之中矣。 吾料魏主曹丕，其奸诈与父无异，今知吾追赶蜀兵，必乘虚来袭。吾若深入西川，急难退矣。 前面石亭，虽是山路，足可埋伏。早先去占石亭阔处，布成阵势，以待魏军 ※ ※ ※ 3月24日 三国十大谋士诸葛亮
荀彧
贾诩
司马懿
庞统
鲁肃
荀攸
郭嘉
沮授
徐庶
论诸葛恪在孙吴中后期的军政舞台上，诸葛恪是一位关键性的人物，他的荣辱成败不仅关系其个人或家族之兴亡，而且影响着孙吴政权的盛衰。不过，对诸葛恪历来评价分歧颇大，誉之者将他与乃叔诸葛亮相提并论，抑之者则贬斥为乱臣贼子。但无论誉之、毁之，有关评论多集中在孙权、孙亮父子更替之际的北伐活动上，而对其一生军政活动的发展过程及其他方面则缺乏足够的关注，从而对他的相关评论难免带有片面性。有鉴于此，本文对诸葛恪进行比较全面的研究，从一个侧面论述孙吴中后期政治的变化及其走向。
一、“少有才名”：诸葛恪辩论戏弄之事及其所显现的门风问题 诸葛恪（203—253年）字元逊，琅邪阳都人，其父诸葛瑾东汉末年避祸至江东，瑾为后来成为蜀汉丞相的诸葛亮之兄。瑾长期充任孙权的长史等军政参谋职务，为人谨慎，从政稳健，深得孙权敬重，是孙吴侨寓之士的杰出代表。《三国志》卷五二《吴书·诸葛瑾传》载瑾与“（孙）权谈说谏喻，未尝切愕，微见风彩，粗陈指归，如有未合，则舍而及他，徐复托事造端，以物类相求，于是权意往往而释。吴郡太守朱治，权举将也，权曾有以望之，而素加敬，难自诘让，忿忿不解。瑾揣知其故，而不敢显陈，乃乞以意私自问，遂于权前为书，泛论物理，因以己心遥往忖度之。毕，以呈权，权喜，笑曰：‘孤意解矣。颜氏之德，使人加亲，岂谓此邪？’”又称“瑾为人有容貌思度，于时服其弘雅。权亦重之，大事咨访。” 陈寿在《三国志》卷五二传末“评曰”中也称赞“诸葛瑾、步骘并以德度规检见器当世”，说明瑾是以德望见重于世的人物。正是由于诸葛瑾的努力，确立和巩固了诸葛氏在江东的地位。从当时情况看，在孙吴侨寓家族中，琅邪诸葛氏之门望仅次于彭城张昭家族[1]。
又，《太平广记》卷一七三《俊辩一》引刘氏《小说》：
孙权以诸葛瑾、诸葛亮之相貌、才能、德行等作为谈笑话题，而恪非但不生气，反而别为之解，目的是让孙权“大噱”、“举座欢笑”。诸葛恪本人也常以别人父讳开玩笑。《太平御览》卷八三○引《诸葛恪别传》：“昔元逊对南阳韩文晃误呼其父字，晃难之曰：‘何人子前呼人父字，是礼乎？’诸葛笑答曰：‘向天穿针而不见天，何者？不轻天，意有所在耳。’即罚晃酒一杯。”恪花言巧语如此。儒家礼法对父祖家讳等有严格规定，诸葛恪在这方面与孙权唱和，可见他们的礼法观念比较淡薄。 二、黄武至赤乌年间孙权对诸葛恪的培植及其政治活动 由上所述，诸葛恪是一个才艺之士，论说辩难，“口给御人”，这与乃父诸葛瑾“笃慎”、“恭敬”的作风大相径庭，颇似汉代宫廷中的“俳优倡技”之属。不过，孙权轻视礼法，对恪之言行大加赞赏，在政治上也予以提携，将他作为孙吴侨寓人士新生代的代表加以重点培养，从而使他在黄武以后逐步成为孙吴政坛的一个重要人物，并亲历了一些重大的军政事件。概而言之，孙权对恪之培养主要表现以下几个方面。 三、建兴年间诸葛恪北伐及其失败原因的分析 经历长时间的“二宫构争”，孙权于赤乌十三年废黜太子和，将鲁王霸赐死，以年幼的少子亮为太子，卷入“二宫构争”的不少士大夫人物也遭到无情摧残。太元元年（251），孙权病笃，他开始物色孙亮的辅政人员，诸葛恪等人得选。《三国志》卷四八《吴书·三嗣主·孙亮传》：太元元年冬，“权寝疾，征大将军诸葛恪为太子太傅，会稽太守滕胤为太常，并受诏辅太子。明年四月，权薨，太子即尊号，大赦，改元。”《三国志》恪本传载“权不豫，而太子少，乃征恪以大将军领太子太傅，中书令孙弘领少傅。权疾困，召恪、弘及太常滕胤、将军吕据、侍中孙峻，属以后事。”注引《吴书》载之更详：
由于诸葛恪具有一定的士大夫的政治立场，在江东儒学大族政治代表人物多遭厄运之后，他成为孙吴社会中重要人物，所谓“朝臣咸皆注意于恪”，说明人们对他的推崇，孙权也顺势诏令“有司诸事一统于恪”。 Cara Terbaru Menyebar HIV POSITIF1. Di kawasan pantai. Apabila anda berjalan di pantai sila pakai selipar sebab jarum yang ada HIV telah terdedah dan menimbus jarum penyuntik di dalam pasir. Penyuntik ini kemudiannya terdedah akibat ombak. 2. Di kawasan permainan kanak-kanak. Satu lagi kawasan pilihan penagih.Terdapat kes di Australia di mana kanak-kanak yg tak berdosa telah tercucuk jarum penyuntik apabila beliau turun daripada papan lunsur kemudiannya didapati HIV positif. 3. Di panggung wayang. Sila pastikan kerusi yg anda duduki. Kes yang terjadi apabila seorang perempuan duduk di kerusi beliau dan terasa sesuatu benda mencucuk. Beliau berdiri dan mendapati ada penyuntik dan nota berbunyi "Welcome to the real world, you are now HIV positive". Doktor telah memeriksa jarum tersebut & mengesahkan ianya terdapat virus HIV. Ianya berlaku di Hawai jadi berhati-hati.... 4. Di Georgia & Florida, ada kes menunjukkan pesakit HIV meletakkan penyuntik di dalam tempat mengembalikan syiling, mesin air minuman...jadi pastikan bila anda membeli air atau kandi, perhatikan betul-betul tempat mengembalikan wang syiling....mungkin terdapat jarum penyuntik di dalamnya. 3月22日 Chips with Your FiberFiber-optic cables are an Internet and telephone communications backbone, connecting buildings, cities, and nations. Below the Atlantic Ocean, for example, lie thousands of kilometers of fiber that can carry about one million simultaneous phone calls. But these lines require external electronic devices to generate, amplify, receive, and manipulate the data. And the process of moving the data between optical fibers and these electronic devices consumes enormous amounts of power, requires costly technology, and reduces overall bandwidth. Now researchers at South Hampton University in the U.K. and Penn State University have found a way to put the semiconductor materials for those electronic devices directly into the fiber, and have fabricated a working transistor within a fiber. They achieved this by turning the capillaries of ordinary optical fiber into chemical reaction chambers -- they deposited high-quality semiconductor materials of crystalline silicon and germanium into fiber by tweaking a conventional chip-making process. [For an image of the fiber with semiconductor material in it, click here.] "We're fusing two very important bits of technology," says Pier Sazio, research fellow at the University of Southampton, and lead author on the March 17 Science paper about their work. "The leap we've made here is being able to introduce technically important semiconductor material into fiber." While the work is early-stage research, it represents a clear advance. His group is the first to use a conventional semiconductor deposition technique to produce electronics -- made of high-quality crystalline semiconductors found in computer chips -- inside the capillary of a fiber. Specifically, the researchers were able to deposit germanium, a common semiconductor material, into fiber capillaries 70 centimeters long and only 25 nanometers in diameter. By etching away some fiber and affixing electrical contacts, the researchers were also able to fabricate a basic transistor inside a fiber capillary 11 millimeters long and five micrometers in diameter. This first inter-fiber transistor was crude, and merely a proof of principle, says John Badding, professor of chemistry at Penn State University and an author on the paper. Further research is needed to go from transistors to more complicated devices -- such as lasers for producing light, detectors for receiving it, and modulator that separate wavelengths of light and disperse them through appropriate channels. But Badding expects that further fine-tuning of deposition conditions, such as temperature gradients and chemical purity, will make this possible. While the integration of electronic devices into telecommunication fiber is still many years away, the researchers say that such an electro-optic fiber could save time, energy, and money, because the signal would not have to leave the fiber and be processed in an external electric device. "Right now, we're really good at sending torrential amounts of information under the ocean, converting it to electrical signals, and routing it," Bidding says. "That's expensive and requires megawatts of electricity. To route that information inside a fiber would be revolutionary."
The team's electro-optic fiber was developed by taking advantage of the geometry of conventional optic lines, which are made of hollow, capillary-like glass tubes bundled together. One of the challenges of depositing semiconductors into the tubes -- which can range in shape from circular to hexagonal, with diameter from nanometers to micrometers -- is to uniformly apply the material down the length of the tube without clumps or defects, Badding says. Sending semiconductor compounds into these tubes is "the equivalent of filling a garden hose over a mile long," he says. To overcome this challenge, the group modified the well-known deposition technique called chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In this process, compounds of silicon, germanium, or other semiconductors are vaporized and typically sprayed onto flat substrates. Badding says his team used CVD, but forced the vaporized material through the long, thin capillaries at pressures as high as 1,000 times atmospheric pressure and many times more than conventional CVD. While the material filled the tubes, the researchers heated the fiber so that the material assembled into a crystallized semiconductor. Another group that's also working to integrate electronics into fiber is led by Mehmet Bayindir at MIT. This group adds semiconductor materials, metals, and polymers to raw glass before the fiber is stretched into its eventual length (see Smart Fibers). The advantage is that "our technique uses traditional fiber drawing technology" and is completed in one step, says Ayman Abouraddy, a postdoc researcher at MIT who works with Bayindir. In contrast, CVD is a two-step process, in which the fiber is drawn and then the devices are deposited. It would be challenging, Abouraddy suspects, to form a semiconductor the entire length of a meters-long fiber by using CVD. However, the technique could have applications where short fiber is needed, such as for a splice to replace an external switch or other electronic device, he says. Abouraddy also notes that the crystalline semiconductors made by the Southampton and Penn State researchers produce faster detectors and light modulators than the slower, so-called amorphous semiconductors used by the MIT group. While slower detectors are good enough for medical applications, such as detecting concentrations of a chemical in the body, crystalline semiconductors are required in telecommunications networks, where information needs to be processed quickly. 3月21日 Best Wished to My Best Friend 彭奕凯 乘着音乐翅膀飞翔在刚刚落幕的“乘着歌声的翅膀”音乐会中，他有份指挥中国交响乐团附属少年及女子合唱团，演唱几首由他与中国国宝级指挥家杨鸿年改编的马来歌曲，他是年轻小伙子彭奕凯，是我们大马的光荣。这次的专访除了可以让大家了解我们的光荣，也想借此良机，让大家了解平日我们在电视机中看到那站在舞台上，对着数十名的演奏员“挥指则奏”的指挥家，为什么那样喜欢“指指点点”，以及他们的生活是否像交响乐般精彩美丽？还是我们常看到的，学音乐的孩子不会坏，但是生活除了音乐就是音乐…… 是感谢恩人贵人的时候了。“在槟城时，帮助我最多的就是林宗兴老师，是他帮我准备应付伦敦学院的两张音小提琴与钢琴的文凭考试，然后他又启发了我，让我找到自己真正喜欢、向往的音乐指挥行业。” 然后，到了1999年时，又碰上一个贵人──中国二胡大师闵惠芬的到来。奕凯跟她提及很想朝着音乐指挥这一方向走，她即鼓励奕凯去实践这梦想，还帮忙他说服他父亲让他去学习音乐指挥。在这之前，奕凯的爸爸基于大马的音乐难以发展，并不同意他往音乐事业发展。但是闵老师跟他的爸爸说，应该让他去，他爸爸就答应了。“当时我是在中六修读数学，爸爸就希望我在本地大学得到一纸文凭后如工程文凭，才学习音乐，但那时候，我不想要读工程，心里就是要学音乐。而他们最后也答应让我去学音乐。” 初到北京时，奕凯的心里是想着学完了音乐就回来大马，但是看来似乎却越走越远，现在真的是走得很远了。“说难听一些，目前为止，回大马是不可能的事情了，就算有回来，多是带团回来这边演出，就像这次带团回来这里作“乘着音乐的翅膀”音乐会的演出那样。 过后，奕凯就到了北京中央音乐学院，碰到了他现在的老师徐新教授，他76岁，一位对他很好的中国籍老师。在奕凯刚到北京时，谁都不认识，什么都不懂，是他帮奕凯作好准备以考进北京中央音乐学院。同样地，这些音乐上的伯乐，也可说是他人生上的伯乐！因为他们的出现，间接或直接让他没有迷失在人生海海中。 年纪轻轻名气已红铛铛，已是享誉国外的指挥家，更被美国的大学音乐教授相中，让他明年在北京毕业后，以全额奖学金在美国继续深造音乐。 询问奕凯最爱东方音乐还是西方音乐时，他温文尔雅的微微笑地说：“直到现在，在芸芸中西乐器当中，我还是最喜欢二胡。就是很喜欢它跟人类的那种共鸣感，每当我在演奏二胡时，“她”能够完全地表达出我所要的声音。”不过，他坦言，乐队的声音正慢慢地爬上他心目中二胡的位置。“唔，应该是这样说，如果是单独乐器的演奏，我是最爱二胡；如果是乐队合奏的话，我就很喜欢交响乐！”他缓缓地解说道，因为华乐合奏仍存有缺陷，她还没有达到完美融和的境界，她不像交响乐队般融和美丽。为此，他和华乐指挥的指导老师也一直死心不息地在研究着解决这问题，希望可以找出良策，解决华乐合奏的不完美。 询及奕凯的下一步大计或目标时，他表示，如今如想在北京发展音乐事业，机会是很多很多。所以，就算他不继续深造，呆在北京也会发展得不错，生活也会过得很不错。但是，他发现，音乐这一条路是很海阔天空，很多东西他还没学过，没接触过；而且，音乐可以拥有很多令人意想不到的奇妙惊喜出现。因此，奕凯不想让自己停下来，也因此他没有给自己很大的目标去达成。 他只是觉得可以学多少，就学多少；继续学，继续走。 他是这样认为：从他初到北京，直到考进音乐学院，一直到现在，他一直都有打工，一直跟社会保持接触，所以觉得没有必要现在就这样完全离开学校，出来社会发展。他告诉小记，以音乐指挥的领域来说，要当一名指挥家，路是很漫长，你可以做到70多岁就像他的徐新老师76多岁了，或像杨鸿年指挥家那样一直还在舞台上。因此，他不想在20多岁就停下学习的脚步，对他来说，设立目标可以说是等于自己即将要休息了…… 彭奕凯5岁时，在被逼的情况下（好像每一个小孩在年幼时都被逼学习音乐画画似）开始学习钢琴，然后接着在7岁时学习拉小提琴，同时也接受声乐训练。10岁时，彭奕凯遇上了他人生中最喜爱的乐器 －二胡，在父母的影响下接触了“她”，并开始在华乐团里演奏。1997年，到新加坡向赵建华学习二胡，开始接受正规的训练。 1999那年，是他的生命的转唳点。当时中国二胡大师闵惠芬到槟岛献艺，彭奕凯恰好担任扬琴伴奏，与闵惠芬同台演出“江河水”等炙人口的名曲。过后，在闵惠芬的鼓励下，报考北京中央音乐学院，2002年考上北京中央音乐学院指挥系，师从徐新教授及张艺教授。这数年来，他曾指挥过中国青年民族交响乐团、中央音乐学院管乐团、中央音乐学院合唱团等。2003年在北京成立了马来西亚留学北京学生合唱团，成功在北京举办专场音乐会及参与多场演出。 彭奕凯目前在北京中央音乐学院指挥系深造。去年获得中央音乐学院优秀学生奖，是建院以来第一个获得此项奖项的留学生。彭奕凯也是首个以优异成绩考进该院指挥系的大马学生。今年他才27岁，个子小小的，娃娃脸的他，抱负可是“一望无际”呀！后生可畏呀！ 3月19日 Do-It-Yourself NanotechWhile researchers have already manipulated atoms to make letters small enough to fit all the words of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin, and have assembled rudimentary molecular computers and machines, these feats remain novelties whose creation depends on difficult and expensive methods. Now Paul Rothemund, a computer scientist at Caltech, with a background in biology, has developed a relatively inexpensive way to quickly design and build arbitrary shapes and patterns using DNA -- and, he says, it's simple enough for high-school students to use. Since a variety of molecules and nanoparticles can be linked to DNA, this technique could be a way of quickly patterning components as diverse as proteins and semiconducting nanotubes, possibly leading to minute electronic devices or devices for studying cells at an unprecedented level of detail. [Click here for images of some of these self-assembled DNA shapes.] "It's really spectacular work. I'm extremely excited about it," says William Shih, professor of biological chemistry and molecular pharmacology at Harvard Medical School, who is now working to extend Rothemund's technique to building three-dimensional structures. Rothemund's work, he says, has taken the small field of DNA nanotechnology and "opened it up to becoming a mainstream tool by making it one or two orders of magnitude cheaper and easier to do." Nadrian Seeman, the New York University chemist who pioneered the use of DNA for constructing complex shapes, says, "By moving up in scale, he is able to produce more intricate and larger patterns than were practical with previous approaches. This is an exciting advance which is likely to revolutionize pattern formation on this scale." In Rothemund's method, a long strand of DNA snakes back and forth until it forms a desired shape. The key to getting the DNA to form this way, and to holding it in place, are short "staples" of DNA with sequences chosen to attach to specific parts of the long strand. Rothemund divides the long strand into sections; then a staple might attach to sections 86 and 112, for example, bringing them together and causing the long strand to fold. A couple of hundred unique staples can fold the DNA into just the right shape. A computer program takes care of identifying the sequences the staples need to have. "I design [the structure] I want on the computer," Rothemund says. "It spits out a set of 250 DNA sequences. I order them; they come in the mail in a bunch of little tubes. I mix them together [along with the long strand of DNA], add some salt, heat it up to boiling and cool it down to about room temperature, and then it's done." Once mixed together, the strands of DNA assemble themselves into the desired structure. Such self-assembly methods can be used to make any shape or pattern measuring 100 nanometers across or less, and with features about 6 nanometers apart. In comparison, a red blood cell is about 7,000 nanometers across. An article describing Rothemund's work appearing today in the journal Nature demonstrates the versatility of the technique with pictures of smiley faces, squares, triangles, and stars (click here). But Rothemund can also make intricate patterns on these shapes -- for example, he's drawn a 1:200 trillion scale map of the Western Hemisphere that could fit inside a cell. Designing each structure took about a week, according to Rothemund. After that, trillions of copies self-assemble in just a few hours -- this speed of production is one of the qualities that makes self-assembly so attractive.
Right now, though, the technique is a solution in search of the problem. But Rothemund and others, such as Shih, expect practical applications to come soon, as researchers learn how easy the technique is and find ways to apply it to specific problems. One possibility is patterning electronic devices at a smaller scale than is possible using today's optical lithography methods. Thomas LaBean, a chemist and computer scientist at Duke University, who has developed another general-purpose DNA self-assembly technique that is a bit more difficult and has a lower resolution than Rothemund's, is developing single-electron transistors patterned with DNA that could serve as components for such a device. There are significant challenges remaining, however, before working devices using this method appear. "With self-assembly, there is an inherent error rate," says Harvard's Shih. Unlike today's computers, for example, self-assembled computers will need to detect and work around non-functioning components. Also, many applications will require bigger patterns than Rothemund has made so far. One potential solution to that problem, which Rothemund has tried already with limited success, is combining smaller shapes using strands of DNA, much as cells come together to build an organism, he explains. Also, while the new technique is affordable for labs, it is not yet cheap enough for making bulk materials. The self-assembly already demonstrated, however, could be practical for building "nanoarrays" that can measure the precise contents of single cells, Shih says, allowing biologists to better learn the roles played by individual cells, for example, those in a nervous system. In fact, the best application may not yet have been thought of. "I don't feel discouraged that we haven't found the super-killer applications for this yet," says Shih. "Being able to assemble trillions of molecularly precise devices is something we have just not been able to do. And now suddenly we have this method where we can do that, for an affordable price. It's not obvious what those payoffs will be, but we all feel like they're there." Lloyd Smith, a chemist from University of Wisconsin, Madison, and author of a commentary on the work in Nature, wrote, "We are now perhaps more limited by our imagination than our ability." Will Google Threaten Microsoft Office?Why is the blogosphere abuzz lately about Google buying Upstartle, a four-person software company with no revenues? The obvious answer: industry-watchers are sensing another fight coming between Google and Microsoft. Upstartle makes Writely, a Web-based word processor that's free. Launched in November 2005, the product has gained around 150,000 users. That's just a blip for Google, of course, but the deal is interpreted by some as confirmation that the search-engine leader is trying to knock Microsoft off its software throne -- using so-called "Web 2.0" technologies. These technologies, such as asynchronous JavaScript and XML (together dubbed AJAX), allow Web applications, such as word processors, to perform at speeds comparable to desktop applications. So how realistic is this idea that Google is targeting Microsoft's productivity applications? In fact, applications like Writely are not a serious threat to Microsoft Office -- which has beaten back numerous challengers, and still controls 95 percent of the market. Writely is designed to be a collaboration tool, rather than a document-creation tool, meaning it's more like Microsoft's free SharePoint Services than Word. Writely's creators themselves have said they don't see their product competing with Word, but instead complementing it. In fact, they built it using Microsoft's own .NET technology, which lets developers integrate software applications across platforms, rather than using AJAX. Furthermore, Google has never declared that it intends to put together a suite of Web applications to compete with Microsoft Office. What's more, even if such a Web-based application were targeted for the vast Word-dominated market, many people may not want to host productivity applications online, says Mary Jo Foley, editor of the independent newsletter Microsoft Watch. She notes that Microsoft itself tested Office as a hosted application -- but the results were so poor that it abandoned the effort. All of these realities deflate talk of an imminent "Google Office." The company itself is referring all inquiries about the Upstartle acquisition to the official Google blog, where Writely team member Jen Mazzon simply wrote that Upstartle was happy to be part of Google. "Everyone told us it was crazy to try and give people a way to access their documents from anywhere -- not to mention share documents instantly, or collaborate online within their browsers," Mazzon says. "But that's exactly what we did." Or, more accurately, is doing, since the product is still in beta. (Right now, in fact, Writely can't be accessed by new users, while its programmers work on moving the application to Google's internal platforms.)
So this new acquisition by Google is unlikely to provoke Microsoft into a response, at least not right away. "My guess is that [Google] will first offer Writely as a simple word processor, and perhaps they will also use it as an HTML editor for the Blogger service," says T.J. Kang, CEO of ThinkFree, which offers productivity applications, including a word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation manager, that run on a desktop or online. But Kang does go further. In an e-mail, he says his own talks with Google suggest that the company is keeping its options open. After all, there's Gmail to counter the e-mail functions of Outlook, and Google is rumored to be putting together a calendar program and an online storage space, Gdrive. Foley notes that if Google were to offer a free, advertising-supported alternative to Microsoft's other major productivity applications, and users could control where the documents were stored, it could begin to make consumers wonder why they're paying $150 to $500 for editions of Microsoft Office. "Microsoft does have an exposure here," says Rob Enderle, principal analyst with the Enderle Group in San Jose, CA. "Web 2.0 breaks the retail and direct models Microsoft currently enjoys." But Enderle adds that Microsoft is well aware of its potential market problems -- which is why it's touting Windows Live, Office Live, and other "Lives." So far, though, these Web-based services extend Microsoft's existing desktop products, rather than replacing them. If Google continues to buy or develop complementary applications to GMail and Writely, it could force Microsoft to move away from its current sales model for Office sooner than it wants, Enderle says. "The question is: Can Google make what Office should be before Office itself can get there?" People who use applications like Writely, ThinkFree, and the online spreadsheet Num Sum "will realize they do not need all the functionalities of Office," agrees Kang. "In SOHO [small office/home office] and small and medium business markets, I believe Office's days are numbered. Google's move could only help accelerate the process." Kang says the Writely acquisition has already sparked more interest in his own company. "I now have two meetings in the U.S. this week and another in Asia next week with large portals and ISPs who want to explore the area," he says. But, as Enderle also notes, history has not been kind to companies that go after Microsoft's core businesses. Novell and Netscape Communications both tried to take on Microsoft -- Novell in desktop applications, Netscape in enterprise Web services -- and only got sidetracked. Is Google -- which this week made another purchase, buying @Last Software and its SketchUp 3D modeling tool -- also getting distracted? "Google's starting to look a little bit like a company without a rudder," says analyst Enderle. 3月16日 Beyond SiliconLast week, at the semiannual Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, chip-maker Intel announced a transistor made from a material called indium antimonide (InSb) that had some impressive stats: it was clocked at 1.5 times the speed of silicon-based transistors and used one-tenth the power. According to Intel's director of technology strategy, Paolo Gargini, who presented the results, a shift from silicon might be crucial for the chip-making industry, so it can build smaller devices over the next couple of decades. As transistors made of silicon keep shrinking, the material's limitations are becoming more apparent. "Silicon is not the best semiconductor," Gargini says. But of course silicon is both highly prevalent and relatively inexpensive, and its manufacturing process has been honed for 30 years. What makes so-called "compound semiconductors" -– those made out of more than one element, such as indium antimonide -– so attractive is their special electrical and optical properties. Electrons can pass through an indium antimonide crystal 50 times faster than through a silicon crystal, Gargini says. As a result, not only are electronic operations significantly faster, but less power is needed to push the electrons. Compound semiconductors also have optical properties that could help speed up communication between transistors on a chip and multiple chips within a device. These materials easily emit and detect light -– a characteristic that has been studied and improved for decades, says David Hodges, electrical engineer at the University of California, Berkeley. Therefore, he says, light emitters and detectors made of compound materials could potentially replace copper wires, which are a major "impediment of speed." Compound materials also have their disadvantages, though. Currently, hundreds of billions of transistors are manufactured at a time on top of silicon wafers that can be as large as 12 inches in diameter. The crystals of compound materials, such as indium antimonide (InSb), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium arsenide (InAs), and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), however, tend to break apart easily, and so can't be made into such large wafers, says Gargini. This means that compound materials could never completely replace silicon as the wafer base for electrical devices, he says. Instead, "islands" of InSb transistors must be deposited on the large-diameter silicon substrate. But depositing indium antimonide transistors onto silicon creates an additional challenge. The atoms in a silicon crystal are spaced 0.543 nanometers apart, while the atoms in indium antimonide are 0.648 nanometers apart. Because of this mismatch, when the two materials are placed next to each other, not all of the atoms at the interface bond together, resulting in ineffective devices. 3月12日 Breaking a Supercomputing Speed RecordThis week, IBM announced that it has smashed the speed record for data-sharing across a network within a supercomputer. Previously, files could zip from a supercomputer's memory devices to its processors at about 15 gigabytes per second, a record that IBM had established, says Rama Govindaraju, an IBM distinguished engineer who worked on the recent project. Now, with advanced file-management software and some system tweaks, his group has boosted that rate to 102 gigabytes per second (the equivalent of downloading about 25,000 songs from the Web). This file-managing feat, which they call "Project Fastball," was conducted using IBM's General Parallel File System software on the world's third-fastest supercomputer, ASC Purple, which resides at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, CA. ASC Purple is a giant collection of thousands of storage devices and processors that house and crunch 1.6 petabytes of data (1.6 million gigabytes). It's used to run data-intensive simulations that model nuclear reactions and to assess the safety of nuclear stockpiles.
At the heart of the breakthrough is the General Parallel File System (GPFS), IBM software that has been available since 2001. A supercomputer's file system -- GPFS is one of a handful of options -- is, in essence, similar to the folders system on a home computer that allows one to type a file name or pathway and locate a particular file, says Steve Scott, CTO at Cray, the Seattle-based supercomputing company. Unlike most PCs, however, a supercomputer has multiple processors, performing tasks simultaneously (in parallel), and which need to be constantly fed data from files located throughout the thousands of storage devices in the system. GPFS efficiently manages the flow of data at the supercomputer scale.
The chore of directing the data traffic to and from processors and storage devices is challenging in such large systems GPFS addresses this issue by breaking up the files into chunks that range in size between 256 and 1,024 kilobytes, depending on system resources, and storing these chunks across all of the disks in the file system. To access a file, GPFS initiates multiple pathways in parallel. This parallel file system differs from a so-called "distributed" file system, in which data is transferred through a single path. Moreover, because the system disperses the data traffic, it is effectively self-healing: if one pathway fails, data immediately flows to another one. 3月11日 psychological testingWhat Gender Is Your Brain?
Your Brain is 53.33% Female, 46.67% Male
Your brain is a healthy mix of male and female You are both sensitive and savvy Rational and reasonable, you tend to keep level headed But you also tend to wear your heart on your sleeve
http://www.blogthings.com/genderbrainquiz/
What is your age ?
あなたの精神年齢は34歳です あなたの精神はそろそろ『中年』になろうかというところです。あまり若々しさは感じ取れなくなりましたが、人生経験を積んで、一人前の大人になりました。もう『若者』ではありません。
実際の年齢との差+9歳
幼稚度20％ あなたは中学生並みの幼稚さを持っています。時々親の手助けが必要になったりします。
大人度75％ あなたはもう立派な大人です。十分に精神が発達していると思われます。
ご老人度19％ あなたはほんのわずかですが『おじいちゃんっ気』が感じられます。注意しましょう。
あなたと親しいお友達（or恋人）になれそうな人
総合的な精神年齢を詳しく見てみると、幼稚度、大人度、ご老人度にわけることができます。例えば、幼稚度と大人度がともに高かったりすることがあります。これは、幼さも持ち合わせていてしかも大人っぽい一面もある人、ということになります。精神年齢は年寄りなのに幼稚度が高いということもあります。これは頑固でワガママなおじいちゃんに当てはまります。大人度は高ければ高いほどよく、逆にご老人度は低ければ低いほどよく、幼稚度は１５％前後なのが、活発で頼りになる理想的な人です。
3月5日 Believe it or not ?This is a strictly mathematical viewpoint...it goes like this:
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